With a life that was as vibrant and multifaceted as the music he composed and conducted, Leonard Bernstein was a profound influence in the world of classical music. His journey from the streets of Lawrence, Massachusetts, to becoming one of the most respected and celebrated conductors of his time is a testament to his relentless pursuit of musical excellence.
Early Years and Musical Beginnings
Born on August 25, 1918, in Lawrence, Massachusetts, Leonard Bernstein was introduced to music at a young age. His family’s home was filled with the sounds of the radio and the melodies of Friday night services at the local synagogue. However, Bernstein’s true passion for music was ignited when his aunt’s upright piano was left at their house. This sparked a self-taught exploration of piano and music theory, eventually leading to formal piano lessons.
As a young pianist, Bernstein seized every opportunity to perform. He would often organize neighborhood shows during summer vacations, and even played entire operas or symphonies with his younger sister, Shirley. Bernstein’s talent and dedication to music were unquestionable, and despite initial resistance, his father eventually supported his musical pursuits.
A Flourishing Passion at Harvard University
In 1935, Bernstein enrolled at Harvard University, where he pursued a major in music. His mentors included renowned musicians like Edward Burlingame Hill and Walter Piston. Bernstein’s time at Harvard was not just academically enriching, but it also nurtured his love for music. He composed his first known piece, Psalm 148, during his time there.
One of his most influential experiences at Harvard was a production of Aristophanes’ play, “The Birds,” for which Bernstein conducted the musical score. Some of the music from this production was later incorporated into Bernstein’s own works.
Further Studies and the Prelude to His Career
After his graduation from Harvard in 1939, Bernstein continued his studies at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. Here, he honed his skills under the guidance of accomplished musicians like Isabella Vengerova, Fritz Reiner, and Randall Thompson.
In 1940, Bernstein had the opportunity to study at the Berkshire Music Center, now known as the Tanglewood Music Center. His time there was significant as he became the assistant to the orchestra’s conductor, Serge Koussevitzky, who would later become a strong influence in his career.
His talent and dedication quickly led to his first permanent conducting post as Assistant Conductor of the New York Philharmonic in 1943. Bernstein’s career took a significant turn when he was asked to substitute for the ailing Bruno Walter at a Carnegie Hall concert, which was broadcast nationally on radio. Bernstein’s performance received critical acclaim, cementing his place in the world of music.
Bernstein’s Impact as a Music Director
In 1945, Bernstein was appointed Music Director of the New York City Symphony Orchestra. He held the post until 1947. After the death of Serge Koussevitzky in 1951, Bernstein headed the orchestral and conducting departments at Tanglewood, teaching there for many years. In 1958, Bernstein was named Music Director of the New York Philharmonic. He held this position until 1969, leading more concerts with the orchestra than any previous conductor.
As a conductor, Bernstein traveled the world, fostering relationships with orchestras across the globe. His connection with Israel, formed in 1947 when he conducted in Tel Aviv, was one that lasted until his death.
Championing American Composers
Bernstein was a fervent advocate of American composers, particularly Aaron Copland. His relationship with Copland was not just professional; they remained close friends for life. Bernstein was committed to promoting Copland’s work, conducting and recording nearly all of Copland’s orchestral compositions.
His conducting repertoire was not limited to American composers. Bernstein is often remembered for his performances and recordings of works by Haydn, Beethoven, Brahms, Schumann, Sibelius, and Mahler. His performances of Mahler’s symphonies with the New York Philharmonic in the 1960s sparked a renewed interest in Mahler’s works.
Bernstein’s Compositions Inspired by His Jewish Heritage
Bernstein’s Jewish heritage deeply influenced his compositions. His first significant work, Symphony No. 1: “Jeremiah” (1943), premiered with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra in 1944. The piece received the New York Music Critics’ Award. His other major compositions include Symphony No. 2: “The Age of Anxiety” (1949), Symphony No. 3: “Kaddish” (1963), and many others, each with its distinct theme and story.
A Diverse Portfolio of Works
Bernstein’s works extended beyond symphonic and orchestral music. He composed music for ballet, film, theatre, choral works, opera, chamber music, and piano. One of his best-known compositions is West Side Story, a Broadway musical that has been adapted into two feature films and continues to be performed worldwide.
Bernstein collaborated with many other artists to create a diverse portfolio of works. His collaboration with Jerome Robbins resulted in three major ballets: Fancy Free (1944), Facsimile (1946), and Dybbuk (1975). He also composed the score for the award-winning movie On the Waterfront (1954) and incidental music for two Broadway plays: Peter Pan (1950) and The Lark (1955).
Bernstein also significantly contributed to Broadway musicals. He collaborated with Betty Comden and Adolph Green on On the Town (1944) and Wonderful Town (1953). His work with Richard Wilbur and Lillian Hellman resulted in Candide (1956). In 1957, he collaborated with Jerome Robbins, Stephen Sondheim, and Arthur Laurents on the landmark musical West Side Story.
Global Recognition and Honors
Bernstein’s contributions to music were recognized globally. He received numerous awards, including the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences’ Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award and eleven Emmy Awards. In 1985, he was given the National Fellowship Award for his lifelong support of humanitarian causes.
Bernstein was a strong advocate for world peace. He used his music to express his vision for global harmony. His “Journey for Peace” tour to Athens and Hiroshima in 1985 marked the 40th anniversary of the atom bomb. In 1989, he conducted the historic “Berlin Celebration Concerts” on both sides of the Berlin Wall as it was being dismantled.
Final Years
In the later years of his life, Bernstein continued to teach and influence young musicians. He was instrumental in founding the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute in 1982 and the Pacific Music Festival in Sapporo, Japan.
Bernstein passed away on October 14, 1990. He left behind a vibrant legacy of music that continues to inspire and influence musicians and music lovers alike. His life and work are a testament to his unwavering dedication to music, his immense talent, and his enduring passion for sharing the joy of music with the world.