Antonín Dvořák was an extraordinary Bohemian composer who gained worldwide recognition for his remarkable contributions to the world of music. Dvořák’s journey from a humble village in Bohemia to the world stage is a testament to his unrivaled talent and his deep-rooted love for his homeland and its traditional music.
Early Life and Education
Born on September 8, 1841, in Nelahozeves, a small village north of Prague, Antonín Leopold Dvořák was the eldest of fourteen children. His father was a professional zither player, an innkeeper, and a butcher. The young Dvořák was exposed to music at a very early age, performing in the local band and even serving as an apprentice butcher.
When Dvořák turned twelve, he moved to Zlonice to live with his aunt and uncle. There he began studying harmony, piano, and organ. His penchant for composing manifested early, with polkas being some of his earliest creations during his time in Zlonice.
Struggles and Strides in Music
The 1860s were challenging years for Dvořák. Struggling with limited resources and time, he composed numerous works, including two symphonies, an opera, chamber music, and several songs. However, these initial works failed to receive critical reception or public performance.
In 1871, Dvořák decided to resign from the orchestra to concentrate on composing. He managed to scrape a living by giving piano lessons. Despite the hardships, Dvořák’s passion for music remained unwavered, a trait that would soon bear fruit.
Personal Life and Marriage
In 1873, Dvořák married Anna Čermáková. Interestingly, Dvořák had initially courted Anna’s elder sister, Josefina, who turned him down. Despite the initial heartbreak, Dvořák found happiness with Anna, and together they had nine children, six of whom survived infancy. After his marriage, Dvořák left the orchestra to become a church organist, a role that provided a better income, increased social status, and more time for composition.
Brahms and the Breakthrough
In 1875, Dvořák’s career received a significant boost when he was awarded a state grant by the Austrian government. This award not only brought him into contact with the renowned composer, Johannes Brahms, but also led to a fruitful friendship. Brahms provided Dvořák with valuable technical advice and introduced him to Fritz Simrock, an influential publisher.
This was a turning point for Dvořák. His Moravian Duets and Slavonic Dances, published by Simrock, attracted worldwide attention, marking the beginning of his recognition on the global stage.
International Recognition and Travels
Dvořák’s fame spread rapidly, and he started receiving invitations to perform in different countries. In 1884, he made the first of his ten visits to England, where his works, especially his choral works, were exceptionally popular. His success in England was a constant source of pride for him.
In 1890, Dvořák enjoyed a personal triumph in Moscow, where two concerts were arranged for him by his friend, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. A year later, he was made an honorary doctor of music by the University of Cambridge.
Journey to the New World
In 1892, Dvořák accepted the post of director of the newly established National Conservatory of Music in New York. During his time in the United States, he traveled extensively, even venturing as far west as Iowa.
Despite finding much to interest and stimulate him in the New World, Dvořák longed for his homeland. This longing eventually led him to return to Bohemia in 1895.
Last Years and Legacy
Dvořák’s final years saw the composition of several string quartets, symphonic poems, and his last three operas. Among these works were some of his most famous ones, including the String Quartet No. 12, known as the ‘American’, the Cello Concerto in B minor, and the ‘New World’ Symphony.
Dvořák passed away from a stroke on May 1, 1904, leaving behind a legacy of unforgettable music and a significant impact on classical music. His life and works continue to inspire music lovers and composers around the world.